Corrections, expressions of concern & retractions

Correcting the record

Authors and readers should report a material error promptly, identifying the article and providing supporting evidence. The editor will assess its effect on the conclusions and consult relevant parties. A correction is appropriate when a limited error can be remedied while the main findings remain reliable.

Serious or unresolved concerns

An expression of concern may be issued where a significant question remains unresolved. Retraction may be necessary when findings are unreliable, publication is substantially redundant, or serious ethical or rights problems invalidate the publication. The purpose is to maintain an accurate scholarly record. The responsible editor determines the appropriate action based on the evidence.

Notices and access

Material changes should be described in a dated notice linked to the affected article. A retracted article should normally remain identifiable and clearly marked, together with the reason for the action. Removal of content is reserved for exceptional circumstances such as a substantiated legal, privacy or serious safety requirement. Silent replacement of substantive findings is not an acceptable correction process.