Research data & reproducibility

Supporting the findings

Authors should describe methods in sufficient detail for informed evaluation and include a data availability statement explaining where supporting data and code can be found. Where feasible, use an appropriate repository, a persistent identifier and clear access and reuse terms. Software, numerical procedures and computational environments should be identified where they affect the results.

When sharing is restricted

Personal, confidential, commercially restricted or otherwise protected data must not be disclosed without authority. Explain the restriction and any legitimate controlled-access route. A statement that data are available on request should identify whom to contact and describe applicable conditions. Editors may request supporting evidence during evaluation or an integrity investigation.

Reporting limitations

State relevant uncertainty, exclusions, missing data and limitations. Figures and images must represent the underlying evidence faithfully. Authors remain responsible for maintaining the records needed to support their publication, subject to applicable institutional requirements.